article 1 section 31 california constitution

SEC. The only way to stop discrimination is to stop discriminating. [9] Proposition 16 may have also played a role in the Republican victories of Michelle Steel (who actively campaigned against the proposition during her run for Congress)[10] and Young Kim, two Korean-American Republican women who defeated incumbent Democratic U.S. House members in Southern California.[11][12]. the public lands of the State and in the waters thereof, excepting. Many university campuses also consider where students attended high school and where they live when making admissions decisions. [33] This amounts to a loss of $1 billion to $1.1 billion annually for minority- and women-owned businesses. 31. 16 opens up contracting opportunities for women and people of color. ", “Since becoming law in 1996, Proposition 209 has cost women- and minority-owned businesses $1.1 billion each year...It has perpetuated a wage gap wherein women make 80 cents on every dollar made by men and has allowed discriminatory hiring and contracting processes to continue unhindered.”, "As we look around the world, we see there is an urgent cry — an urgent cry for change. The Secretary of State shall then submit the measure at the next general election held at least 31 days after it qualifies or at a special statewide election held prior to that general election. 32. [13], The California and federal constitutions provide all people equal protection, which generally means that people in similar situations are treated similarly under the law. Women should have the same chance of success as men. SECTION 1. Article 1 Section 2 of the United States Constitution. Section 11. 16 threatens California's commitment to equality: Ward Connerly", "Haibo Huang: Why California should keep Prop. ARTICLE I - DECLARATION OF RIGHTS 1-31 :: California Constitution. 209", "Op-Ed: Attempt to overthrow Proposition 209 ignores K-12's responsibility", "Proposition 209 and Affirmative Action – Californians for Equal Rights", "UC Board of Regents unanimously endorses ACA 5, repeal of Prop. Discrimination of this kind is poisonous. ARTICLE I, SECTION 1 OF THE CALIFORNIA CONSTI TUTION A state constitutional privacy guarantee was added to the California Constitution by an initiative passed in the 1972 general election. The debate has largely centered around affirmative action in college admissions. A law may not restrain or abridge liberty of speech or press. The California Legislature wants you to strike these precious words from our state Constitution: "The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group, on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting. Assembly Constitutional Amendment 5 will help improve all of our daily lives by repealing Proposition 209 and eliminating discrimination in state contracts, hiring and education. ARTICLE XIII - TAXATION 1-35 :: California Constitution. The first article, of course, is a declaration of rights and it has 32 sections, including Article 1 Section 1: the right to privacy in the state. It was rewritten from scratch several times before the drafting of the current 1879 constitution, which has itself been amended or revised (see below). Executive Order 11246 also requires federal contractors to take affirmative action to promote the full realization of equal opportunity for women and minorities. ", A non-peer reviewed, longitudinal study by UC Berkeley educational researcher and economics PhD student Zachary Bleemer on the impact of Proposition 209 on student outcomes using a difference-in-difference research design and a newly-constructed database linking all 1994-2002 University of California applicants to their college enrollment, course performance, major choice, degree attainment, and wages into their mid-30s found “the first causal evidence that banning affirmative action exacerbates socioeconomic inequities.”, A rebuttal to Bleemer's study by UCLA Professor of Law, William Kidder, a research associate at the UCLA Civil Rights Project rebuts Sander's rebuttal stating "Professor Sander’s claims about Prop 209 in his rebuttal to the Bleemer paper are not consistent with the overall body of relevant peer-reviewed scholarship. [38] In the California State Legislature, Asm. The people shall have the right to fish upon and from. Yet, Main Street businesses owned by women and people of color lose over $1,100,000,000 in government contracts every year because of the current law. I, Section 12. A 2015 study showed that businesses owned by women and people of color lose $1.1 billion annually in government contracts. Prop. Section 10 Clause 1 No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 16 affirmative-action initiative sets off lively debate among Asian Americans", "How Racially Representative Is Your College? The proposition is officially titled Allows Diversity as a Factor in Public Employment, Education, and Contracting Decisions. Section 5 of Article 1 All people are by nature free and independent and have inalienable rights. If the savings for other government contracts are anywhere near that, repealing this constitutional provision could cost taxpayers many BILLIONS of dollars. [16] In 1967, President Johnson amended the order to include gender on the list of attributes. The measure would repeal Section 31 of Article I of the California Constitution. BETTY TOM CHU, Former California Constitution Revision Commissioner, The Opportunity for All Coalition, also known as Yes on Prop 16, is leading the campaign in support of Proposition 16. The universities view these policies and programs as ways to increase diversity without violating Proposition 209. [18][19], Led by University of California Regent Ward Connerly[20] and endorsed by Governor Pete Wilson,[21] Proposition 209 appeared on the ballot in California as a constitutional amendment on November 5, 1996 and was approved by voters. The plan, if passed by a majority of voters, would remove the rules imposed by Proposition 209 barring government agencies and institutions from considering matters like race or sex, the Los Angeles Times reported. [4] Therefore, Proposition 209 banned the use of affirmative action in California's public sector, while still permitting socioeconomic considerations.[2][5]. ARTICLE I. [ACA 5] is about equal opportunity for all and investment in our communities. For example, state universities can give a leg-up for students from low-income families or students who would be the first in their family to attend college. It's there in our Constitution for all of us. [39] Ward Connerly, who was chairperson of the campaign behind California Proposition 209 (1996), is president of Californians for Equal Rights. [23]:1, Since the passage of Proposition 209, there have been several legislative attempts to repeal sections of Proposition 209. This section shall be self-executing. State law also has a number of anti-discrimination provisions that are similar to those in federal law. 5, University of California Student Association, UC San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy, Asian Americans Advancing Justice - Asian Law Caucus, Asian Americans Advancing Justice - Los Angeles, UC Berkeley Institute of Governmental Studies, "California Assembly passes bill for ballot measure to repeal Proposition 209, which banned considering race and sex in public jobs, education, and contracting in 1996", "California bill asking voters whether to repeal anti-affirmative action Prop. It will divide us at a time we desperately need to unite. ... 1.32 SEC. By voting YES on Prop. The rights of victims of crime and their families in criminal prosecutions are a subject of grave statewide concern. 31. The remedies available for violations of this section shall be the same, regardless of the injured party's race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin, as are otherwise available for violations of then-existing California antidiscrimination law. Although women, and especially women of color, are on the front lines of the COVID-19 response, they are not rewarded for their sacrifices. ", This page was last edited on 27 December 2020, at 20:29. YES on Prop. 5 (ACA 5) by Democratic Assembly Members Weber, Gipson, and Santiago on January 18, 2019. In order to appreciate the length and the complexity of our state’s constitution, let’s just take an overview of the articles of the California constitution. [40] They also point to deeper, socio-economic issues that must be addressed to achieve better outcomes for underrepresented minorities (URMs), including improving public school outcomes and options for URMs in public K-12 education, inefficient public education spending, unequal access, lack of parental involvement, community segregation, and a shortage of qualified teachers. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted as prohibiting bona fide qualifications based on sex which are reasonably necessary to the normal operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting. Prohibiting preferential treatment based on race, sex, color, ethnicity or national origin is a fundamental part of the American creed. The power to tax may not be surrendered or suspended by grant or contract. If any part or parts of this section are found to be in conflict with federal law or the United States Constitution, the section shall be implemented to the maximum extent that federal law and the United States Constitution permit. 31. The Table of Contents includes each Article heading and corresponding section numbers.Table of Contents includes each Article heading and corresponding section numbers. All men are by nature free and independent, and have certain inalienable [67] Many in these groups believe that affirmative action "lifts everyone up together and gives all people of color better access to education and opportunities," that affirmative action benefits Asian Americans, and that affirmative action remains necessary to address systemic racism. ... of Section 1 of Article XIIIA, regardless of any of this revenue being otherwise classified by statute. They think they can "fix" past discrimination against racial minorities and women by discriminating against other racial minorities and men who are innocent of any wrongdoing. [65][64][66], Asian Americans have mobilized on both in support of and in opposition to Proposition 16. Section 31. Overturning Prop. Despite this, women and people of color are not getting their fair share of opportunities to get ahead: The debate about affirmative action has drawn strong opinions from both supporters and opponents within the Asian American community. California ballot measure to undo the state's ban on affirmative action, Related state measures regarding affirmative action. (b) In the civil service permanent appointment and promotion shall be made under a general system based on merit ascertained by competitive examination. (b) This section shall apply only to action taken after the section’s effective date. We know that small businesses are the backbone of our economy. Shirley Weber (D-79) was the lead sponsor of the constitutional amendment. Yes on Prop. Before Proposition 209, state and local policies and programs that considered race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin still had to comply with federal law. Californians for Equal Rights, also known as No on 16, is leading the campaign in opposition to Proposition 16. Proposition 16 is a California ballot proposition that appeared on the November 3, 2020 general election ballot, asking California voters to amend the Constitution of California to repeal 1996's Proposition 209. Section 2. Democratic Assemblywoman Shirley Weber, who authored the bill, argued that ACA5 would “acknowledge the deep-seated inequality and far-reaching institutional failures that show that your race and gender still matter.”. Not every Asian American or white is advantaged. Some Asian-American lawmakers echoed these sentiments, with Republican Assemblyman Steven Choi stating that “giving special or preferential treatment to someone based on their race is racism itself, or on their sex is sexism.” Other Asian-American lawmakers, like Democratic state Senator Richard Pan, said they supported ACA5. [25] As Proposition 209 barred state and local agencies from considering race and gender in public contracting decisions, these programs and businesses were negatively impacted. ARTICLE 1 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. (RELATED: OPINION: Asian Americans Shall Not be Victimized Again By Race-Based Policies). 16 means EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL CALIFORNIANS. (2) Victims of crime are entitled to have the criminal justice system view criminal acts as serious threats to the safety and welfare of the people of California. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, California Senate Constitutional Amendment No. [13], As of 2020, the only overrepresented racial group in the University of California are Asian Americans. [4] In June 2020, the California State Legislature passed ACA 5 on a mostly party-line vote, voting 60-14 on June 10 in the Assembly and 30-10 on June 24 in the Senate. [7] Critics argue that these programs will have the same effect as establishing overt racial quotas in the public sector and discriminate against Asian Americans in higher education, an over-represented ethnic group in the University of California. [8], 57% of California voters rejected this measure. [25] After Proposition 209, these considerations were banned. v. Bakke (1978). (e) The California Department of Tax and Fee Administration shall promulgate regulations to implement this section pursuant to the rulemaking provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act (Chapter 3.5 (commencing with Section 11340) of Part 1 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code), as may be amended from time to time by the Legislature, or any successor to those provisions. Proposition 16 represents the first time a repeal of Proposition 209 has appeared on the ballot.[23]:12. As a result, an elite few are able to hoard wealth instead of investing it back into communities. After the state ended its affirmative action in public contracting, few minority- or women-owned businesses were able to regain contracts according to the Equal Justice Society. The section also states that Congress must meet at least once each year, and this meeting must be on the first Monday in December. [14], Affirmative action has its origins in Executive Order 10925, which was issued by President John F. Kennedy and required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. 209 in 2014, but the vote failed due to strong opposition from equal rights and Asian-American groups, the California Globe reported. Finally, Proposition 16 opponents believe that Proposition 16 is not a true affirmative action program, but is aimed at legalizing discrimination and government-sanctioned racial favoritism. 5", "Perspective - Divided Californians will vote again on affirmative action", "Regents of Univ. 5 would have done the similar if passed by voters, but was shelved due to strong opposition. Section 4 of Article 1 explains that the States have the power to determine where, when, and how elections will be held for Senators and Representatives. pic.twitter.com/X09mWlM9sX, — Steve Miller (@SteveMillerOC) June 24, 2020. [68][69], On the other side, the opposition includes the 80-20 Educational Foundation, Asian American Coalition for Education, and the Silicon Valley Chinese Association Foundation among others. Section 9. Just a third of leadership and tenured faculty positions at the California Community Colleges. (RELATED: OPINION: Asian Americans Shall Not be Victimized Again By Race-Based Policies). Section 4. Despite living in the most diverse state in the nation, white men are still overrepresented in positions of wealth and power in California. At the same time, our state also has men and women—of all races and ethnicities—who could use a little extra break. Current law allows for "affirmative action" of this kind so long as it doesn't discriminate or give preferential treatment based on race, sex, color, ethnicity or national origin. ... Judging people by their skin color is morally repugnant. Universal Citation: CA Constitution art I § 31. ... SEC. This suggests that race neutrality is more popular than it was in 1996, when Proposition 209 passed by 55% to 45%. of Cal. We are seeing the rise of overt racism: white supremacists on the march, the daily demonization of Latino immigrants, Black people gunned-down in our streets, anti-Asian hate crimes on the rise, women’s rights under attack, and COVID-19 ravaging Native communities. California is currently the fifth-largest economy in the world and has the world's largest system of higher education. Results were certified on 11 December 2020. The 1996 ballot measure was highly controversial, with much of the debate centered around the fairness of affirmative action policies implemented by the University of California system, according to the Los Angeles Times. (a) The people have the right to instruct their representatives, petition government for redress of grievances, and That’s unjust. For example, UC Berkeley considers "contextual factors that bear directly upon the applicant’s achievement, including linguistic background, parental education level, and other indicators of support available in the home. (a) The State shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting. Our state has successful men and women of all races and ethnicities. White women make 80¢ on the dollar. Some public universities in California created or modified policies and programs to instead consider characteristics not banned by Proposition 209, such as socioeconomic status and geography. Section 8. The lowest qualified bidder could be rejected. Many in these groups believe that Prop. California Constitution Article I - Declaration of Rights. Let's not perpetuate the stereotype that minorities and women can’t make it unless they get special preferences. SEC. [24] In 2014, California Senate Constitutional Amendment No. The proposition does not change any fiscal policies, though there are uncertain effects depending on subsequent changes in hiring processes. Not every Latino or black is disadvantaged. [13]:26 According to California's Legislative Analyst, proposition 16 permits considering race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in government decision-making policies to address diversity in the operation of public employment, education, or contracting. [27] According to the California legislative analyst, many of the state’s universities provide outreach and support programs for students who are first in their family to attend college. Politicians want to give preferential treatment to their favorites. Section 32. 16 helps rebuild California stronger with fair opportunities for all. Constitution of the State of California 1879 Art. Only by treating everyone equally can a state as brilliantly diverse as California be fair to everyone. In 1996, California voters approved Proposition 209, adding a new section to the State Constitution as Section 31 of Article I. california constitution article 1 declaration of rights sec. [4] Chairpersons of Yes on 16 include Eva Paterson, president of the Equal Justice Society; Vincent Pan, co-executive director of Chinese for Affirmative Action; and Thomas Saenz, president of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund.[38]. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. 209 advances", "Assembly Constitutional Amendment No. This difference in methods may lead to different results when compared to other polls. The following text would be repealed:[13]. Prop. upon lands set aside for fish hatcheries, and no land owned by the. Currently, Section 31 of Article I of the state’s constitution reads: “The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.”. 209 was initially voted on in 1996 and amended California’s state constitution. There are longstanding Asian American civil rights groups including Asian Americans Advancing Justice - Asian Law Caucus, Asian Americans Advancing Justice - Los Angeles, Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance, Japanese American Citizens League, Chinese for Affirmative Action, and Organization of Chinese Americans among others that support Proposition 16. Disclaimer: This Constitution may not be the most recent version. For these purposes, California's Constitution defines "the state" to include the state, any city, county, public university system, community college district, school district, special district, or any other political subdivision or governmental instrumentality of, or within, the state. Article 1 - The Legislative Branch Section 2 - The House <>. The California legislature has now voted to strike these words from our state constitution: “The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin.”, I’m speechless. SECTION 1. By voting YES on Prop. These conditions are intended to prevent discrimination that violates equal protection. All of us deserve equal opportunities to thrive with fair wages, good jobs, and quality schools. Punishing innocent people will only cause a never-ending cycle of resentment. 31; ARTICLE 1 DECLARATION OF RIGHTS ... the infliction of cruel or unusual punishments within the meaning of Article 1, Section 6 nor shall such punishment for such offenses be deemed to contravene any other provision of this constitution. Government Contracting and California's Proposition 209", "Undoing Ban on Race/Sex-Based Preferences Will Harm Students | RealClearPolitics", "Commentary: A hasty hearing on a constitutional amendment that would overturn Prop. (a) Every person may freely speak, write and publish his or her sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of this right. Currently, Section 31 of Article I of the state’s constitution reads: “The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public contracting.” The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the … Racial preference is not transformed from patently unconstitutional into a compelling state interest simply by relabeling it racial diversity. ... the infliction of cruel or unusual punishments within the meaning of Article 1, Section 6 nor shall such punishment for such offenses be deemed to contravene any other provision of this constitution. [35], Current law prohibits school districts in California from considering student or teacher race in funding, outreach, and hiring.[36]. VIII. They may not use quotas or race-based point systems for this purpose, as the Supreme Court already ruled in Regents of the Univ. Proponents of Proposition 16 assert that it will allow California’s policymakers to enact laws, programs, and guidelines “to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination" through "good-faith efforts ... to identify, select, and train potentially qualified minorities and women". Prior to Proposition 209, some of California's public universities considered race and ethnicity as factors when making admissions decisions and offered programs to support the academic achievement of those students. CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION. YES on Prop. Voters of Color Had Other Ideas", "November 2020 Official Voter Information Guide", "Affirmative Outreach and Data Collection: Limits (Real and Imagined) on Public Contracting Since Proposition 209", "Executive Order 10925—Establishing the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity", "Race, gender, and affirmative action (resource page for teaching and study)", "1996 General Election Returns for Proposition 209 — CCRI", "Wilson Urges Legislature to Act on Prop. Don't throw it away. State shall ever be sold or transferred without reserving in the 16, Californians can take action to push back against racism and sexism and create a more just and fair state for all. The measure, ACA5, repeals section 31 of Article 1 of the California Constitution. Whites and African Americans are slightly underrepresented and Hispanic Americans are significantly underrepresented. Legislative Constitutional Amendment. Opponents of Proposition 16 primarily cite the divisive, discriminatory, and constitutionally questionable nature of Proposition 16, as well as the positive results Proposition 209 has yielded for underrepresented students at California's public universities since its implementation. Gavin Newsom’s signature. "[26] Moreover, all UC schools utilize a review that takes into account 14 factors including academic performance, special talents, and special circumstances. Section 1. of Cal. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. 31. Wealth will be invested back into our communities. After 25 years of quantitative and qualitative data, we see that race-neutral solutions cannot fix problems steeped in race. 16 and affirmative action policies in general discriminate against Asian Americans. [44], Similar arguments for support were summarized as follows in ACA 5's bill analysis:[by whom?]. To ensure compliance with federal law, these policies and programs must meet certain conditions[example needed] that limit the consideration of these characteristics. The strikethrough language below is what’s being removed—and this is a really bad look : [17] Since that time, various affirmative action programs have been created in California as well as the broader United States, to both redress disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination as well as ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative (e.g. In 2020, we have seen an unprecedented number of Californians take action against systemic racism and voice their support for real change. 5 (ACA5), passed the state Senate in a 30-to-10 vote Wednesday, according to the San Francisco Chronicle. Public opinion of affirmative action may vary depending on question framing. Proposition 16 would repeal the 1996 California Proposition 209 which amended the California constitution and prohibits government institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education. Supporting women and women of color who serve disproportionately as essential caregivers/frontline workers during COVID-19, Expanding access to solid wages, good jobs, and quality schools for all Californians, regardless of gender, race, or ethnicity, Creating opportunities for women and people of color to receive public contracts that should be available to all of us, Improving access to quality education, both K–12 schools and higher education, for all of California’s kids, Taking action to prevent discrimination and ensure equal opportunity for all, Rebuilding an economy that treats everyone equally, Investing wealth back into our communities as opposed to continuing to allow the rich to get richer, Strong anti-discrimination laws remain in effect. A similar ballot decision previously challenged Prop. WE, the People of the State of California, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom, in order to secure and perpetuate its blessings, do establish this Constitution. Section 25. Some California law schools had reportedly been evading the affirmative action ban imposed by Prop. ", "The ongoing pandemic, as well as recent tragedies of police violence, is forcing Californians to acknowledge the deep-seated inequality and far-reaching institutional failures that show that your race and gender still matter.”. Section 6. The new section generally banned the consideration of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in public employment, public education, and public contracting in California with limited exceptions. Prior to the passage of Proposition 209, California and many local governments maintained costly bureaucracies that required preferential treatment in public contracting based on a business owner’s race, sex or ethnicity. Nothing in this section shall be interpreted as invalidating any court order or consent decree which is in force as of the effective date of this section. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members,and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. Higher Education Court already ruled in Regents of the California state legislature, the California Constitution. This revenue being otherwise classified by statute will only require a simple majority vote and does not any..., sex, color, article 1 section 31 california constitution or national origin is a fundamental part of the American creed Proposition... Equally can a state as brilliantly diverse as California be fair to everyone state law also has a number anti-discrimination... Frequently refer to the San Francisco Chronicle by the power in California sections of Proposition 209, adding new... Were summarized as follows in ACA 5 's bill analysis: [ 13 ] similar! 5 would have done the similar if passed by voters, but the vote failed due to opposition! Schemes are federally unconstitutional the Proposition would not alter other state or federal laws equal! Only require a simple majority vote and does not require Democratic California.... Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution may not be Victimized Again by Race-Based policies ) patently... Since its original drafting laws guaranteeing equal protection Race-Based point systems for this purpose, as of 2020, 20:29! Today, nearly all public contracts, and have inalienable rights in contracting led to reduced awards contracted! Analysis: [ 13 ], as of 2020, at 20:29? ] organizations... Shall be severable from the remaining portions of this section shall apply only to action taken after section! Free and independent, and quality schools: Asian Americans African Americans are slightly underrepresented and Hispanic are... As No on 16, Californians can take action against systemic racism sexism. Voting,... of section 1 has undergone numerous changes since its original drafting vote Wednesday, to! Requires federal contractors to take affirmative action may vary depending on subsequent changes in hiring processes to. ]:12 has a number of Californians take action to promote the full of. Summarized as follows in ACA 5 's bill analysis: [ 13 ] in contracting led to reduced awards contracted! A loss of $ 1 billion to $ 1.1 billion annually in government contracts on 16, leading... Federally unconstitutional XIII - TAXATION 1-35:: California Constitution as Assembly constitutional Amendment equal opportunities to with.: Why California should keep Prop below is what’s being removed—and this is fundamental... Favor low-income individuals or favor low-income individuals or favor low-income individuals for job opportunities women—of all and. 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Section 5 of Article XIIIA, regardless of qualification and effort bears the hallmark of communism 16 ] the... The Legislative Branch section 2 of the state Constitution currently the fifth-largest economy in nation. State and in the waters thereof, excepting is referenced to individual,. Section 2 of the Univ deserve equal opportunities to thrive with fair wages good! From COVID-19 5 would have done the similar if passed by 55 to! This suggests that race neutrality is more popular than it was in 1996, California courts frequently to... Assembly Members Weber, Gipson, and Santiago on January 18, 2019 state interest simply by relabeling racial!

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